The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between the composition of the subgingival microbiota and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism in Brazilian adults with chronic periodontitis. The clinical parameters of probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, plaque accumulation and suppuration were measured in 60 Caucasian adults who were divided into two groups: 30 healthy individuals (control) and 30 with chronic periodontitis (ChP). Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 6 sites per subject and analyzed for 38 bacterial species using the Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization. DNA was obtained from the subjects' epithelial cells by scraping the buccal mucosa and using a mouthwash containing 3% of glucose. Polymorphism in the VDR gene was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by Taql digestion (RFLP). The healthy subjects presented significantly lower levels (0.3 × 10(7) ± 0.7 × 10(7)) of total microbial counts in comparison with subjects with chronic periodontitis (4.5 × 10(7) ± 2.9 × 10(7)). Regarding the occurrence of VDR polymorphism, it was observed that the Tt genotype was more prevalent in the Periodontitis group (60%) than in the Healthy group (30%), while the prevalences of the TT genotype were 23.3% and 53.3%, respectively (Chi-square test, p < 0.05). No difference was found in the composition of subgingival microbiota among the VDR genotypes evaluated for the Healthy and Periodontitis groups. In conclusion, the Tt genotype was associated with periodontal disease; however, no association with the subgingival microbiota was observed.

RESUMO Este artigo examina a produção teórica de Eugênio Gudin que expressa sua nova postura liberal, que destaca sua oposição a Roberto Simonsen, a teoria do desenvolvimento econômico do Cepal, Marx e seus seguidores. Gudin reconheceu Karl Marx como o maior inimigo do capitalismo. Ele atribuiu ao pensador a criação do conceito de capitalismo com conotações históricas. Negando radicalmente esse conteúdo e equilibrando a concepção do caráter natural e eterno desse sistema, ele se concentrou no capitalismo como um sistema de produção que se conecta harmonicamente à democracia. Ele trabalhou com o par de conceitos: economia, mercado e democracia como antítese do planejamento e do totalitarismo, estruturando o discurso que enfatiza o plano geral abstrato, desconsiderando uma análise histórica concreta de cada caso específico. Consequentemente, todo aspecto que não se encaixa nesse par é considerado antidemocrático e intervencionista, como uma negação equivalente ao ideal humano, às vezes que deve ser evitado ou mesmo destruído.

ABSTRACT This article examines Eugênio Gudin’s theorical production that express his new liberal posture, which highlights his opposition to Roberto Simonsen, Cepal’s economic development theory, Marx and followers. Gudin recognized Karl Marx as the biggest enemy of capitalism. He attributed to the thinker the creation of the concept of capitalism with historical connotations. Radically denying this content and balancing the conception of the natural and eternal character of this system, he focused on capitalism as a production system which connects itself harmonically with democracy. He worked with the pair of concepts: economy market and democracy as an antithesis of planning and totalitarism, structuring the discourse that stress the abstract general plan, disregarding a concrete-historical analysis for each specific case. Consequently, every aspect that does not fit that pair is considered undemocratic and interventionist, as an equivalent denial of the human ideal, sometimes that should be avoided, or even destroyed.